1. Careenages in Syros island.
2. Careenages in Syros island.
3. The 216-ton brig TRIS ADELFI of the Goulandris family, constructed in Syros island in 1869.
4. Hermoupolis, Syros island in the early 1880s.
5. The island of Ithaca in the mid-1860s.
6. The 1879-built steamship ARGOLIS, acquired by the Panhellenic Steamship Company in 1882.
7. Brothers Pantelis, Constantis and Antonios G. Lemos, master mariners from the island of Oinnouses, pictured in the early 1880s.
8. The Greek cargo steamship ITHACA, built in 1873 in the United Kingdom (watercolour by Antonis Milanos, from the collection of the Institute of Hellenic Maritime History).
9. Ioannis Theofilatos, co-owner of the ITHACA, the first newly-built Greek steamship.
10. The British steamship TROJAN, characteristic type of vessel combining sail and steam.
11. The Neorion machinery plant in Hermoupolis, Syros island, which was founded in 1861 and served as the first unofficial School of Engineering for the Greek Merchant Marine.
12. A lithograph of the port of Piraeus, dated 1881.
13. Advertisement page of the Piraeus-based Basiliades Shipbuilding & Ship Repair.
14. Panaghis A. Vaglianos (1814-1902), outstanding personality of the early Greek steamship activity and a national benefactor.
15. The steamship VAGLIANOS, built in 1895 for Panaghis Vaglianos in the United Kingdom.
16. Press cutting from the British magazine The Shipping World referring to the launching of the Greek steamship VAGLIANOS.
17. Greek entrepreneur and shipowner Othon Stathatos (1844-1924) based in Braila, Romania with family roots from Ithaca.
18. The Greek-flagged steamship POSEIDON, built in 1895 in the United Kingdom for Othon Stathatos.
19. Press cutting from the British magazine The Shipping World, dated 1 April 1895, referring to the launching of the Greek steamship POSEIDON, registered under the Greek flag.
20. Greek entrepreneur and shipowner C. D. Diamantidis based in Rostoff, Russia.
21. The Greek-owned steamship D. DIAMANTIDIS under Russian flag, built in 1895 in the United Kingdom.
22. The steamship SOPHIA COUPPA, built in 1890 in Austria-Hungary for entrepreneur Oratios Couppas, based in Marseille.
23. Press cutting from the British magazine The Shipping World, dated February 1891, referring to the launching of the 1890-built Greek steamship SOPHIA COUPPA.
24. He 1881-built steamship SYROS, acquired by A. Kosmas in 1899.
25. Press cutting from the Greek shipping magazine Naftiki Ellas, dated 1901, depicting the first Greek tanker IOANNIS COUTZIS, built in 1888 and acquired by Coutzis Brothers in 1890.
26. The 1890-built steamship ACME, acquired by Nicolaidis Brothes in 1900.
27. The 1892-built steamship SPARTI, acquired by Pantoleon A. Foustanos in 1900.
28. The 1889-built steamship AMBATIELLOS, acquired by Panaghis A. Vaglianos in 1893. (Oinoussian Maritime Museum).
29. The 1891-built steamship KATINA, acquired by Alexios Gangos in 1900.
30. Prime Minister of Greece Charilaos Trikoupis, who made the famous statement “Regretfully, we are bankrupt” on December 10, 1893, when Greece faced dramatic setback in its economy.
31. Press cutting from the British magazine The Shipping World, issue of 22 September 1897, in the aftermath of the Greek-Turkish War.
32. Press cutting from the British magazine The Shipping World, dated 11 October 1899, with a sketch depicting requisitioned British steamers sailing to South Africa, following the outbreak of the Second Boer War.
33. Characteristic sample of correspondence concerning maritime issues, dated late 19th century.
34. Characteristic sample of correspondence concerning maritime issues, dated late 19th century.
35. Characteristic sample of correspondence concerning maritime issues, dated late 19th century.
36. Characteristic sample of correspondence concerning maritime issues, dated late 19th century.
37. A Greek passenger steamship in late 19th century.
38. Master mariner Christoforos Cockinos, born in Vrontados of Chios, was one of the first steamship captains with a long service as master of ships belonging to the Hellenic Steam Navigation Co. Ltd. He is pictured with his wife Cleopatra and their first child Thomas, who also pursued a career in sea. Christoforos Cockinos’ family became shipowners in 1910 acquiring the 1888-built steamship THEODOROS, with finance from the Chian banker Theodoros Pangalos, who was resident in Syros.
39. Greek seafarer at the stern of his steamship.
40. Postcard of the island of Hydra, birthplace of many Greek seafarers, in an Italian journal, dated 1876.
41. Picture of Corfu island’s port with a great number of foreign warships in late 19th century.
42. Α postcard of the port of Hermoupolis, Syros island, published in a French journal circa 1970.
43. During the late 19th century, a great number of Greeks owned barges and demonstrated outstanding activity in various Danube areas.

From Sail to Steam (1870-1900)

During the last three decades of the 19th century, the Greeks slowly, yet decisively, succeeded in transitioning their merchant fleet from sail to steam. Up until the early 1870s, the Greeks had the opportunity to build almost all of their sailing ships in their homeland. Many shipbuilding sites throughout Greece worked daily in order to launch fine sailing vessels, which had allowed the seafarers of the time to establish a strong presence within the Mediterranean and the Black Sea.

With the steady rise of steam in maritime transport, the era of the sailing ships gradually came to an end. It was impossible to build steamships in Greece, while the capabilities of the State to establish a competitive shipbuilding industry were practically non-existent. Therefore, the acquisition of steamships from abroad, especially the United Kingdom, was the only option. It is worth mentioning that during the initial years of steamship evolution, there were no aged second-hand ships that could be acquired at low prices. The Greek seafarers only had limited budgets and, in most cases, could not even afford the purchase of a 12- to 15-year-old steamship, whose price was ten or even twenty times over the value of a sailing ship.

Given these facts, one can understand the problems encountered by seafarers in their efforts to replace sailing vessels with steamships at the time. On the other hand, it is easy to appreciate the catalytic role that Greeks of the diaspora eventually played in assisting their compatriot mariners to transit from sail to steam. They were the only people who had at the time both the financial ability, as well as the business reputation, to invest in these high-priced new technology vessels. These are essentially the first Greeks who became owners of steamships, trading mainly under the Greek flag. It is worth noting, however, that a significant number of Greek-owned ships were also registered in Russian, Turkish and UK ports, sailing under the flags of these countries. This demonstrates the international nature of Greek entrepreneurs in shipping, even during that time. Many Greek captains of sailing ships served as masters on these vessels before acquiring their own steamships, with financial support from their fellow countrymen.

The most important milestone in the transition of Greek mariners from sail to steam was recorded in 1873 when Romanian-based businessmen, brothers John and Anthony Theophilatos, from the island of Ithaca, had the first Greek-flagged steamship, the ITHACA, built to their order by R. Thompson, Jr. in Sunderland, United Kingdom.

From this point onwards, the Greeks began their journey towards a new maritime reality, with slow, gradual steps. This was not only resultant of the absence of necessary capital, but also due to the complete lack of knowledge of the Greeks regarding the operation of engines installed on these newly-developed ships. The Greeks may have always been excellent sailors but, until then, knew nothing about the operation of engines. The first steamships also had the option of operating with sails, but no steamship could sail without engineers. Thus, most of the Greek steamers acquired, had to employ foreign engineers, who simultaneously acted as instructors for their Greek colleagues.

The Neorion machinery plant in Hermoupolis, on the island of Syros, played an important educational role in engine operation. Established in 1861 in order to serve the needs of vessels belonging to the Hellenic Steamship Co. and employed in Greek passenger coastal service, it functioned as the first unofficial School of Engineering for the Greek merchant navy. Its invaluable contribution was followed over the next decades by the establishment of other engine shops and plants in the country, especially in Piraeus.

An additional reason as to why the Greek steamship activity was developed rather slowly until the end of the 19th century was the fact that the majority of those who acquired such vessels were not seafarers themselves. As they were also involved in other entrepreneurial activities, mainly in the field of trade, the first owners of Greek-owned steamships had no real incentive to rapidly develop shipping, which they considered a secondary activity, unlike the Greek seafarers who owned sailing ships and operated them as a family business.

It is characteristic to note that out of all the important Greek businessmen of the diaspora, who went on record as steamship owners until the end of the 19th century, only the Embiricos family managed to leave a mark in shipping that can be traced until today. Even the Vagliano family, headed by the great Panaghis Vaglianos, who is acknowledged as the true founder of Greek steamship activity due to his large investments in newbuildings from the 1880’s onwards, failed to remain active in shipping after the founder’s death in 1902.

Throughout the last three decades of the 19th century, the Greek state did not contribute in the slightest way to the development of the merchant marine and its transition from sail to steam. There was complete absence of shipping policies and adequate legislation, even for the purpose of facilitating bank loans for the acquisition of steamships. The merchant marine activity was placed under the auspices of the Ministry of the Marine, responsible in essence for the operation of the Navy.

Despite the adverse environment, almost 200 steamers were acquired and managed by Greeks during these three decades. This is remarkable, especially if we take into account that around 40% of these steamships were newbuildings. Their operation proved extremely beneficial for the country. Beyond the creation of thousands of jobs without any state investment, all revenues from shipping, being funds solely earned abroad, entered the country at a time when it faced bankruptcy. The islands, especially the ones whose inhabitants were traditionally involved in shipping, greatly benefitted from this development. Almost the entire infrastructure of the islands was based on revenues from the shipping activity of the Greeks, which would not have had the same path during the new century without its successful passage from sail to steam.

However, towards the end of the 19th century, and despite the gradual transition of a large number of traditional seafarers to steamship owners, the overall scene changed. World shipping began to show signs of recession as a consequence of continuous newbuilding activity, mainly by British shipyards, which resulted in oversupply of tonnage. In such an ominous environment, Greek shipping, solely operating to serve international needs while not relying on national transportation at all, faced an extremely difficult situation. However, an unexpected development, namely the Boers War in South Africa which broke out just before the turn of the century, created new standards in supply and demand, as many British merchant ships were requisitioned for the transportation of troops and cargoes. This international development allowed the Greeks of the diaspora to re-enter the shipping world that the British had nearly monopolised since the rise of steamships, giving them momentum to embark on a new, dynamic course towards the new century.

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